Everything about The Ingrian War totally explained
The
Ingrian War between
Sweden and
Russia, which lasted between
1610 and
1617 and can be seen as part of the
Time of Troubles, is mainly remembered for the attempt to put a Swedish duke on the Russian throne. It ended with a large Swedish territorial gain in the
Treaty of Stolbovo which laid an important foundation to Sweden's
Age of Greatness.
Prelude
During Russia's
Time of Troubles,
Charles IX of Sweden sent an expeditionary corps under
Jacob De la Gardie to capture the Russian fortress of
Old Ladoga. On hearing about their arrival to
Ingria, the
Novgorodians asked the king to install one of his sons —
Carl Filip or
Gustavus Adolphus — as their monarch and on this understanding submitted the city to De la Gardie.
Vasily IV of Russia, besieged in
Moscow by the
Tushino gang and driven to despair by the
ongoing Polish intervention, then entered an alliance with Charles IX, who was also
waging war against Poland. The tsar promised to cede
Korela Fortress to Sweden in recompense for military support against
False Dmitry II and the Poles. Thereupon De la Gardie joined his forces with the Russian commander
Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky and marched from Novgorod towards
Moscow in order to relieve the tsar.
Sweden's involvement into the Russian affairs gave
Sigismund III Vasa a pretext to declare
war on Russia. The Poles engaged the combined Russo-Swedish forces
at Klushino and destroyed most of the Russian force; the Swedish mercenaries taking part in the
De la Gardie Campaign (July 1610) surrendered. The battle had serious consequences for Russia, as the tsar was deposed by
boyars and the Poles occupied
the Kremlin.
Fighting
In the meantime, Gustavus Adolphus succeeded to the Swedish throne. The young king decided to press his brother's claim to the Russian throne even after the Poles had been expelled from Moscow by a patriotic uprising of
1612 and
Mikhail Romanov had been elected a new tsar.
While the Swedish statesmen envisaged the creation of a Trans-Baltic dominion extending northwards to
Archangelsk and eastwards to
Vologda, De la Gardie and other Swedish soldiers, still holding Novgorod and Ingria, saw the war as a reaction for their forces not receiving payment for their succour during the
De la Gardie Campaign.
In
1613 they advanced towards
Tikhvin and laid a siege to the city, but were repulsed. The Russian counter-offensive failed to regain Novgorod, however. The Russian tsar refused to commit his troops to battle and the war lumbered on until
1614, when the Swedes captured
Gdov.
The following year they laid siege to
Pskov but Russian generals Morozov and Buturlin held their own until
27 February,
1617, when the
Treaty of Stolbovo stripped Russia of its access to the
Baltic Sea and awarded to Sweden the province of
Ingria with the townships of
Ivangorod,
Jama,
Koporye and
Noteborg. Novgorod and Gdov were to be restituted to Russia.
As a result of the war, Russia was
denied access to the sea for about a century, despite its persistent efforts to reverse the situation.
Further Information
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